Scoliosis: General description

Basically, scoliosis can be classified as structural or functional (non-structural). In structural ones, bone deformity is correlated with a congenital or acquired problem, which directly affects a certain segment of the spine and, in most cases, is irreversible.

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Scoliosis: General description

Unlike kyphosis and lordosis, which are considered normal physiological deviations of the spine, which can only be seen with the person in profile – the spine is always straight from the front –, scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine to one side of the trunk, determined by the rotation of the vertebrae. The deformity can be seen by looking at the person from the back.

In other words: the main characteristic of scoliosis is the presence of a lateral curvature in the three-dimensional plane of movement (left/right, front/back and around its axis by the rotation of a vertebra) which gives it the appearance of a C (single curvature) or an S (more than one curvature).

The condition does not stem from poor postural habits. On the contrary. It is the curve of the spine characteristic of scoliosis that, in many situations, is responsible for poor posture, as this type of deviation can cause changes in the whole body.

Basically, scoliosis can be classified as structural or functional (non-structural). In structural ones, bone deformity is correlated with a congenital or acquired problem, which directly affects a certain segment of the spine and, in most cases, is irreversible. In functional ones, the bone structure remains preserved. Curvatures arise as a secondary manifestation to compensate for imbalances caused by a disorder in another part of the body, such as asymmetrical growth of the legs, for example. In general, functional curves are flexible and can be corrected with treatment.

Possibly genetic and hereditary, scoliosis can appear at any stage of life. Age is considered one of the risk factors for the disease, due to the natural wear and tear of bones, intervertebral discs and ligaments that can come with aging. The most common, however, is the appearance of scoliosis to be associated with the growth spurt that starts at the end of puberty and intensifies in adolescence. During this period, the progression of the anomaly is faster and affects more girls than boys.

Scoliosis can be congenital, caused by malformation of the growth cartilages of the vertebrae or by fusion of the ribs (ribs) during pregnancy or in newborns. It can also be caused by neuromuscular disorders such as muscular dystrophies and cerebral palsy. According to the WHO (World Health Organization), however, in 80% of cases, the cause is idiopathic, that is, its origin has not yet been clarified. More severe cases of the disease can limit the mobility of the spine and reduce the space in the chest that houses the organs of the respiratory and cardiac systems, preventing them from working properly.

In addition to the lateral deviation of the axis of the spine, scoliosis can leave some typical signs of the disease in the bearer’s body. They are: asymmetrical and uneven shoulders and hips (one side is more prominent than the other), unequal size of the lower limbs (one leg longer than the other), waist and rib cage deviated to one side of the body, nipples asymmetrical (one higher than the other), ribs and shoulder blades protruding on one side of the chest.

Scoliosis patients have a laterally inclined body. From the early stages of the disease to the final period of growth, back pain is often mild. With the evolution of the disease, however, the degree of deviations in the chest may increase and promote changes in other anatomical structures. In this case, the pain becomes severe and the disease can become severe and disabling.

It is important to emphasize that, in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the earlier the diagnosis is made and treatment started, the greater the chances of avoiding the complications of the disease.

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